This is the oldest trace of the name Vernier(s) worked out on this site: two men, active in Ghent in the early years of the fifteenth century, both connected to ecclesiastical institutions, and both, in their own way, occupied with one and the same theme — the measuring and management of money, land and goods. A family tie to our confirmed family line (which only becomes visible in 1569, with Laurens Verniers) has not been demonstrated and, given the intervening 165 years, cannot be made plausible either without hard links. It is, however, an intriguing early example of the same pattern already noted elsewhere on this site: Verniers who, generation after generation, recur in occupations centred on measuring, accounting and management.
A financial administrator in the Ghent keure
In the annual register of the Keure of Ghent, for the aldermen's years 1403–1404 and 1405–1406, a her Pieter Vernier repeatedly turns up: a priest, and receiver of the Our Lady's Guild of Sint-Jacobs — an ecclesiastical fund from which daily masses (the "cotidiane") were paid for. On 11 February 1404 (New Style), "Pieteren Vernier, priester", together with Jacop den Oesterlinc, buys half of a house with a plot by the church bridge near the Hof van Herzele, encumbered with 35 schellingen parisis in ground rent per year to the infirmary of Sint-Elisabeth (Pairon, 1983).
Two years later he is active in at least four transactions recorded in the register. Jan van Maelgravere and his wife Jaquemine Sceefs sell him a hereditary annuity of 24 schellingen parisis a year, intended to found a perpetual anniversary mass for a deceased priest, her Jan van der Veure; the annuity is secured on a plot in the Berouw at Meerhem, with three rooms and an orchard. On 4 February 1406, as receiver of the guild, he buys part of a hereditary annuity from the guardian of a number of children — with the consent of the aldermen of Gedele as supreme guardians — consisting of rents on the house "de Ram" on the Hoogpoort and a house on the Koningstraat. On 24 April 1406 he acts as landheer (ground lord, someone with rights over a piece of land) on behalf of the "cotidiane van Sint-Jacobs", in an acknowledgement of debt secured on a house and a brewery site in the Oudburg. And on 9 June 1406 he is again ground lord — this time on behalf of "de cotidiane van Onze-Vrouwe van Sint-Jacobs" — in the sale of a quarter of a house, "de Wijngaard", on the Vismarkt at the corner of the Hoogpoort and the Langemunt (Ghent City Archives, De Zwarte Doos).
This series shows a man who, as a priest, simultaneously fulfilled a full-fledged financial and legal role: he buys and manages hereditary annuities on behalf of an ecclesiastical fund, acts as ground lord in other people's transactions, and arranges the founding of anniversary masses. Exactly the kind of work for which numeracy, reliability and knowledge of urban real estate were indispensable.
Brother Jan Verniere and the measuring of wine
On 3 July 1406 the register records a quite different kind of matter: an arrangement between Jan Sersanders and Jan Ghiselins, guardians of the Sint-Janshuis in Ghent, and brother Jan Verniere, "in connection with the measuring of the wine of the aforesaid house" (Ghent City Archives, De Zwarte Doos). The "Sint-Janshuis" is almost certainly the hospital of Sint-Jans-ten-Dullen, which since 1245 had held the municipal right to the wine rod (wijnroede) — the right to measure all wine sold in Ghent. A list of brothers and sisters of this hospital, active between 1400 and 1550, does indeed name a "Vernier Jan" in the early fifteenth century (Van De Putte, 2006–2007) — almost certainly the same brother Jan Verniere from the 1406 arrangement.
The wine rod and the linen ell: a hospital's income
What did it actually mean to "measure" the wine or the linen of a city like Ghent? More than an administrative detail: these were municipal rights with considerable monetary value, which the hospital of Sint-Jans-ten-Dullen leased out for centuries. According to research into the hospital's accounts, the lijnwaadelle (linen ell) — the right to measure woven linen — was the most valuable of all the rights it held: the lease price doubled between 1471 and 1501, from five to ten pounds a year, and rose to thirteen pounds by the mid-sixteenth century — accounting for 40 to 50 percent of all the hospital's leasehold income. That is no coincidence: in the late Middle Ages Ghent was one of the leading textile centres of Western Europe (Van De Putte, 2006–2007).
The wine rod (also called wijnroy or peghel) came third: the lease price fluctuated between roughly three and four pounds groot a year, peaking in the 1480s and declining slightly afterwards. The right does not appear in the oldest surviving accounts (1470-71, 1474-75), but from 1477-78 onward turns up in almost every surviving account, under the name "vergierne van den wine". Together with the linen ell and the right of the speye (a levy on boats passing through the city locks, granted to the hospital in 1323 as compensation for the demolition of a grain store near the Veebrugghen), these three measuring rights made up more than ninety percent of all the hospital's leasehold income (Van De Putte, 2006–2007). Measuring goods was, in other words, one of the most important sources of income for a medieval urban institution — and brother Jan Verniere stood right at the centre of that system.
A name that stayed tied to measuring
What makes this early trace especially interesting is how well it fits with what was already known from later in time. Almost two centuries later, Master Jan Verniers, "ghezworen Geometrist" (sworn geometrist) of Ghent, teaches in his school on the Vierweeghescheede exactly the same combination: land surveying and wine measuring. The title "sworn geometrist" itself came into vogue after 1550 as a more dignified alternative to "sworn land surveyor", and was held, besides by Jan Verniers, also by Master Pieter de Buck (1563) and later by Master Isaac Kips, who in 1623 and 1624 published almanacs as "Mathematicus ende ghezworen Geometrist ofte Lantmeter der Casselrye vander Auderburch van Ghendt". Elsewhere in Flanders too the land surveyor's trade grew in standing: Philips de Dyn called himself "sworn land surveyor and mathematician of the Archdukes", and on the gravestone of land surveyor Louis de Bersacques (d. 1646) in the Sint-Michielskerk in Ghent was carved the title "gesworen Lantmeter van syne Conincklycke Majesteyt van Spaignien" (sworn land surveyor of His Royal Majesty of Spain) (Biekorf, 1966).
From a priest-receiver and a wine-measuring brother in 1403-1406, via schoolmasters and geometrists in 1578-1624, to the later generations: it is a remarkably persistent occupational pattern within one and the same name, in one and the same city. That does not yet prove kinship — but it makes Ghent, more than ever, the place where future research into the oldest roots of the family name should concentrate most.